Leishmaniasis or leishmaniasis
It is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania class and spreads through the bite of certain specimens of sandflies. The disease appears in three major forms:
Cutaneous, mucosal, or visceral leishmaniasis
The skin type of the disease has symptoms such as skin ulcers. Skin-mucosal syndrome is a skin, mouth, and nose ulcer. Visceral leishmaniasis initially has symptoms such as skin ulcers and then symptoms such as fever, red blood cell depletion, and enlargement of the spleen and liver.
More than 4 species of Leishmania cause infection in humans. Risk factors include poverty, malnutrition, deforestation, and urbanization. The way to detect all three types of Leishmania is to see it under a microscope. The visceral form of the disease can also be diagnosed by blood tests.
The disease can be partially prevented by sleeping under an insecticide-treated mosquito net. Other measures that can be taken include spraying insecticides to kill mosquitoes and treat infected people to prevent further spread of the disease.
The treatment required depends on the location of the disease, the species of Leishmania, and the type of infection. Some of the possible drugs for the treatment of visceral disease include amphotericin B, a combination of pentavalent antimony and paramomycin, and miltofacin.
Paromomycin, fluconazole or pentamidine can be effective for the treatment of skin disease.
Currently, 4 million people in about 4 countries are infected with Leishmania. Nearly 2 million new cases are infected each year with between 4 and 6,000 people dying. About 5 million people in Asia, Africa, South and Central America, and southern Europe have the disease. Leishmania is common in the regions mentioned. The disease also occurs in other animal species, such as dogs and rodents.
There are four types of diseases caused by this parasite:
Skin types in areas that are prone to mosquito bites can cause scarring on the hands and feet. The lesions usually heal within a few months and may leave a scar.
Disseminated skin type causes chronic and diffuse skin lesions. The lesions are similar to those in leprosy. It is difficult to treat these lesions.
Skin-mucosal lesions partially or completely destroy the nasal mucosa, mouth, and surrounding tissues.
The type of viscera that is called harassment is characterized by high fever, weight loss, enlargement of the liver and spleen and anemia. If left untreated, 1 ۱۰۰ mortality over 2 years is inevitable.
Symptoms:
The skin symptoms of leishmaniasis include shortness of breath, cutaneous ulcers, nasal congestion, runny nose, bleeding from the nose, dysphagia, and ulcers in the mouth, tongue, gums, lips, nose, and nose. Symptoms of visceral involvement in children are coughing, diarrhea, fever, vomiting suddenly and in adults often with fever of 2 weeks to 6 months, accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, weakness and loss of appetite. Feeling worse as the disease worsens. Other symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include abdominal pain, prolonged fever, night sweats, scaling and darkening of the skin, hair thinning and weight loss.
treatment:
Treatment consists of compounds containing antimony. Like meglumine antimony, sodium acetylgluconate
Other drugs include amphotericin B, ketoconazole, paramomycin.
Drug resistance:
Many of the organic drugs used to treat leishmaniasis and helminths are now ineffective because of drug resistance.
Leishmania donovani's parasite, which causes leishmaniasis, is transmitted through the bite of an earthquake (leech) annually to approximately 2 million people. It can be fatal if left untreated, and its usual organic drugs, such as pentamidine, amphotericin B, paramomycin and antimony drugs, have been virtually ineffective due to drug resistance.
With some of these compounds with metals, metal-organic complexes have been made and evaluated for the antianginal activities of leishmaniasis. Pentamidine, one of these antiparasitic drugs, has been complexed with some metal centers and its activity has been studied. These studies found that one organic osmium derivative in combination with pentamidine showed a 7.5-fold greater therapeutic effect than pentamidine in a single and similar dose in the treatment of leishmaniasis in mice. Organic derivatives of iridium and platinum were tested against rodent T-bruci, which treated infected mice with a single dose. An iridium organic compound also exhibited anti-filarial activity and had a potent effect against the infectious larvae of Molinema Darchia and Borgia and on weak leishmaniasis. Iridium complex is significantly less toxic than pentamidine isothionate, so its administration in lethal doses of pentamidine isothionate is permitted in mice. The organic iridium derivative with pentamidine accumulates in the flagellar flagella and binds to the ribosomal subunits but has no effect on coarse molecular synthesis. Clearly, other metal-organic complexes have different mechanisms, for example, osmium complexes by indirectly inhibiting the growth of Leishmania donovani by integrating the amino acids and peptides as ligands indirectly.